26th août 2025

The state of gender equality in the US: A Universal Periodic Review shadow report

This report is a public-facing version of a joint submission to the United Nations Human Rights Council ahead of the United States’ fourth Universal Periodic Review (UPR). Prepared by Equality Now, the ERA Coalition, the U.S. End FGM/C Network, Unchained At Last, and the Alliance for Universal Digital Rights (AUDRi), it outlines four areas where the US is in clear violation of its international legal obligations: the lack of universally recognized constitutional equality on the basis of sex, the ongoing legal loopholes that allow child marriage, insufficient protections against FGM/C, and the failure to comprehensively address online sexual exploitation and abuse. It is designed to support peer States, civil society, and other advocates in issuing strong, evidence-based recommendations during the US’ review and advancing meaningful change.

What’s inside the report?

  • A joint stakeholder submission to the UN Human Rights Council ahead of the United States’ 4th Universal Periodic Review (UPR).
  • Legal and policy analysis identifying four areas where the US is in clear violation of its international human rights obligations:
    • Failure to universally recognise or implement constitutional equality on the basis of sex.
    • Legality and prevalence of child marriage.
    • Inadequate protections against female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C).
    • Failure to comprehensively prevent and respond to online sexual exploitation and abuse (OSEA).
  • Contextual analysis of the 69 gender-related recommendations made during the 3rd UPR Cycle, and where progress has stalled.
  • Strategic, evidence-based recommendations for peer review States, designed to strengthen international accountability and reinforce existing global commitments.
  • Tools to support diplomats, advocates, and civil society in shaping effective, actionable recommendations to the US for the upcoming UPR.

Who’s it for?

  • Civil Society Organisations operating in spaces where holding the US to account is a focus area
  • State representatives who will submit recommendations to the US for its Universal Periodic Review
  • Journalists who are looking to unpack ongoing human rights violations in the US

Key recommendations

  • Take every step necessary to universally recognise and fully implement the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) as the 28th Amendment to the US Constitution.
  • Enact laws at the federal and state levels that set the minimum age of marriage in the US at 18, without exceptions.
  • Collect regular, comprehensive, disaggregated data on the prevalence of FGM/C in the US.
  • Enact laws that address the root causes of online sexual exploitation and abuse, in particular gender and sex-based discrimination, intersecting inequalities, and the proliferation of misogyny and abuse of power online and through the use of digital technologies.

Explore more resources

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Submission to the UN Human Rights Committee over the USA’s failure to uphold the rights of women and girls in all their diversity

Equality Now and partners submitted evidence to the UN Human Rights Committee in 2023, highlighting the US’s ongoing violations of women’s and girls’ rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Opposing the conflation of female genital mutilation and gender-affirming care in the US

This policy brief warns against conflating female genital mutilation with gender-affirming care in the U.S., highlighting the legal, medical, and human rights risks of misrepresentation and urging rights-based, accurate policymaking.

Words & Deeds: Holding governments accountable in the Beijing+30 review process

This is the sixth edition in our Words & Deeds series that exposes how governments have failed to repeal or amend sex-discriminatory laws and highlights the urgent reforms to achieve full legal equality for women and girls.

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