30th octobre 2025

Not just online: Addressing sexual exploitation and abuse across digital and physical realities in Kenya

Sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) in Kenya takes place across physical and digital spaces, driven by deep-rooted gender inequality, discriminatory social norms, and gaps in law and enforcement. This policy brief draws on Equality Now’s legal and policy advocacy work and the outcomes of a 2025 multi-stakeholder convening in Nairobi. It provides a unique, intersectional analysis of the continuum of harm and offers practical, survivor-informed policy solutions. This brief builds on Equality Now’s advocacy for legal reform that includes tech accountability, cross-border collaboration and the recognition of online harms as real and urgent, connecting to our ongoing work on TFGBV and digital rights.

What’s inside the policy brief?

  • Evidence of how SEA spans both online and offline settings, including trafficking, image-based abuse, and coerced child marriages
  • Case studies from Kenya and the East Africa region, highlighting how perpetrators use tech to groom, deceive, and control
  • Insights from survivors, CSOs, law enforcement, and the judiciary
  • Seven focus areas for reform, including accountability, cross-border coordination, and awareness-building

Who’s it for?

  • Government and regulators: To influence policy, legislation, and inter-agency protocols
  • Law enforcement and judiciary: To embed trauma-informed, survivor-sensitive practices
  • Tech companies, digital service providers, and regulators: To develop effective reporting, escalation and referral pathways for harmful content
  • CSOs and survivor-led groups: To advocate for system-wide reform and coordinate service delivery
  • Regional and international bodies: To harmonise protections and facilitate cross-border cooperation
  • Donors and development partners: To invest in systems change and capacity building

Key takeaways and recommendations

Sexual exploitation and abuse in Kenya are not limited to one environment; they travel seamlessly between digital and physical spaces. Survivors experience compounded harm when justice systems are fragmented, laws are outdated, and cultural norms silence victims. As technologies evolve, so do tactics of coercion and control. Survivors, especially those facing layered vulnerabilities such as poverty, disability, or displacement, need holistic protection.

 

Drawing from Kenya’s lived realities and regional patterns, the brief  calls for urgent action across seven priority areas:

 

Recommendations

  • Legal & Policy Reform: Update the Sexual Offences Act and Counter-Trafficking in Persons Act to explicitly include OSEA; regulate AI and algorithmic harm; embed compensation and redress mechanisms.
  • Multi-Stakeholder Coordination: Scale up One-Stop Centres, harmonise survivor referrals, and mandate tech companies-government cooperation and accountability.
  • Capacity Building: Equip police, judges, and prosecutors with training on digital evidence and trauma; integrate OSEA into academic institutions’ curricula.
  • Survivor-Centred Justice: Institutionalise trauma-informed procedures; embed peer-led support systems and ensure holistic survivor care.
  • Strengthening Accountability: Mandate audits, anti-corruption mechanisms, and fast-tracked SEA case resolution; extend accountability to tech companies.
  • Regional Cooperation: Ratify and implement the AU Convention on Ending Violence Against Women and Girls and the Malabo Convention; develop cross-border legal pathways for OSEA cases.
  • Prevention & Awareness: Launch survivor-informed public education campaigns and integrate digital citizenship into school curricula; improve access to national reporting tools.

Together, we can end the continuum of exploitation and build a safer digital future.

Read the full brief and join us in demanding stronger online protections for women and girls in Kenya and worldwide.

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